Essay --

Have you ever wondered how one person can make such a substantial difference and inspire so much change? In The Hunger Games novels Suzanne Collins creates Katniss Everdeen, the main character and protagonist. She is the empowered female character who through her atypical qualities and actions inspires incredible change. Collins uses Katniss as a lead because she disrupts the natural order of power in Panem and she is the unconventional representation of a heroic figure. The Hunger Games take place in Panem, a dystopian society that is divided into twelve districts and ruled by the Capitol, a totalitarian power. The people of the districts are suppressed; they have no rights and no freedom of speech. In Dystopian Fiction for Young Adults, literary criticism by Patrick Smith, he contributes to the idea of a dystopian society saying â€Å"dystopias feature totalitarian regimes and shattered economies, global war, climate change, the lack of meaningful personal relationships and lost identities, and the underdog fighting against near-impossible odds. All current societies, dystopian novels suggest, are just one cataclysmic event away from collapse.† This accurately describes the occurrences in Panem. Every year a male and female tribute between the ages of twelve and eighteen are selected from every district in a ceremony called the reaping. They are then forced to fight to the death in the hunger games while all of Panem watches on screen until there is one left standing, the victor. The hunger games were created as a means of which to restore order after the â€Å"Dark Days†, a rebellion that happened decades ago. The people must watch their young be slaughtered on screen to pay for the rebellion. â€Å"Taking the kids from our districts, forcin... ...ames is the rebellion that breaks out in district eight. Katniss gets an unwarranted glance at a TV with updates on the action taking place there. She sees masses of people, flags with the Capitol’s emblem being burned and banners with her face waving from the tops of buildings. The disorder is ultimately traced back to Katniss. Collins uses Katniss as the protagonist because she is the unconventional representation of a heroic figure due to her strong characteristics and her powerful representation; she inspires many people and gives them hope because of her sincere and self-sacrificing nature. As she defies the rules of the Capitol others follow in her lead and over time the natural order of power in Panem is not only disrupted but turned upside down. Katniss shows that it is possible for one person to make substantial differences and inspire unbelievable change.

Why Are Systematic Reviews Important Health And Social Care Essay

A systematic reappraisal is â€Å" [ a ] reappraisal of a clearly formulated inquiry that uses systematic and expressed methods to place, choose, and critically measure relevant research, and to roll up and analyze informations from the surveies that are included in the reappraisal. Statistical methods ( meta-analysis ) may or may non be used to analyze and summarize the consequences of the included surveies † ( Greens & A ; Higgins, 2005 ) . SRs are claimed to be the best beginning of grounds in clinical pattern and decision-making ( Cook et al, 1997 ) . They provide sum-ups of grounds from a myriad of primary surveies which focus on the same inquiries ( Cook et al, 1997, Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) by efficaciously pull offing and incorporating well big sum of bing information ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . An overview of available scientific grounds which addresses a specific job brand clip devouring procedure of reading single surveies unneeded and therefore, aid wellness atten tion professionals save their cherished clip ( Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) . By summarizing consequences of included research surveies into a individual statement, SRs provide greater advantage to clinicians in measuring grounds ( Stevens, 2001 ) . Furthermore, SRs resolve incompatibilities of surveies that discuss the same job but output confusing and conflicting consequences ( Stevens, 2001, Sanchez-Meca & A ; Botello, 2010 ) . Besides, SRs set up generalisability by measuring whether clinical findings are consistent across populations and scenes or vary harmonizing to peculiar subsets ( Mulrow, 1994, Stevens, 2001 ) . SRs have become progressively critical to a wide scope of stakeholders ( Moher et al, 2007 ) , peculiarly wellness attention suppliers, research workers and determination shapers ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health attention suppliers particularly clinicians read SRs to maintain abreast with their forte ( Swingler et al, 2003, Moher et Al, 2007 ) and to stay educated in wider facets of medical specialty ( Mulrow, 1994 ) . Health policy shapers and clinical guideline developers use SRs as get downing point in explicating clinical guidelines and statute laws ( Mulrow, 1994, Moher et Al, 2007 ) . As for some medical diaries, SRs are important as they serve as prerequisite grounds base tools to warrant the demand to carry on farther research ( Young & A ; Houltan, 2005 ) .2.2 Overall coverage quality of SRsOver the past few decennaries, SRs are being published yearly in progressively big Numberss ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . A survey conducted by Moher et Al ( 2007 ) showed that there are about 2500 SRs indexed yearly on Medline. However, there is relatively small bing informations on the coverage quality of SRs despite figure of SRs published is tremendous ( Shea et al, 2002 ) . Several earlier surveies concluded that quality of coverage of SRs was by and large hapless ( Sacks et Al, 1987. Mulrow et Al, 1987, Silagy, 1993, Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Sacks et Al ( 1987 ) evaluated the coverage quality of 86 meta-analyses of studies of randomised controlled tests published in English linguistic communication by taking into consideration 23 points covering six indispensable spheres, i.e. â€Å" survey design, combinability, control of prejudice, statistical analysis, sensitiveness analysis and application of consequences † . The consequences of the survey showed that coverage was by and large hapless, where merely 24 of 86 meta-analyses ( 28 % ) addressed all six spheres and of the 23 points, between 1 and 14 were satisfactorily reported ( average = 7.7, standard divergence = 2.7 ) ( Sacks et Al, 1987 ) . Another earlier rating of SRs by Mulrow et Al ( 1987 ) examined 50 reappraisals published between June 1985 and June 1986 in 4 major medical diaries and found that no individual reappraisal met all eight explicit standards of which the appraisal was based on, i.e. â€Å" purpose, informations designation, informations choice, cogency appraisal, quantitative synthesis, quality synthesis, drumhead and future directives † ( Mulrow et al, 1987 ) . An update of this survey affecting 158 reappraisals published in six general medical diaries in 1996 noted small betterment with merely 2 reappraisals met all 10 methodological standards and the average figure of standards fulfilled was one ( Mc. Alister et Al, 1999 ) . Silagy ( 1993 ) evaluated 28 reappraisals covering a broad scope of capable countries which were published in seven chief primary attention diaries in 1991 based on eight standards. The consequences of the survey showed that merely one one-fourth of the reappraisals scored 8 points out of 16 points ( 2 points allocated for each clearly reported standard, 1 point for each non clearly reported standard and 0 point for unreported standard ) ( Silagy et al, 1993 ) . More late, a survey by Jadad et Al ( 1998 ) concluded that Cochrane reappraisals have superior â€Å" methodological asperity † and are more on a regular basis updated compared with SRs or meta-analyses published in paper-based diaries. Oslen et Al ( 2001 ) assessed the quality of Cochrane reappraisals and noted that in general, there were no jobs or merely fiddling jobs found in most of the reappraisals. They studied 53 reappraisals published in issue 4 of the Cochrane Library in 1998 and found that major jobs were identified in 15 reappraisals ( 29 % ) , which correspond to the decision non to the full supported by the grounds in 9 reappraisals ( 17 % ) , unequal coverage in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) and â€Å" stylistic jobs † were recognized in 12 reappraisals ( 23 % ) ( Oslen et al, 2001 ) . Moher et Al ( 2007 ) examined the epidemiology and describing features of 300 SRs indexed in Medline during November 2004 and found that great differences exist between Cochrane reappraisals and non-Cochrane reappraisals in the coverage quality of several features. Main facets of SR methodological analysis were non reported in many non-Cochrane reappraisals, for case, merely 11 % of the reappraisals mentioned working from a protocol in the procedure of finishing the reappraisal. Besides, informations obtained from the survey suggested that the quality of coverage is inconsistent.2.3 SRs on herbal medical specialties for mental and behavioral upsets2.3.1 St John ‘s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) for depressionHypericum infusions have been studied and included in clinical tests since the 1980s ( Linde et al, 2009 ) . Several systematic reappraisals published from 1995 to 2008 concluded that Hypericum infusions are more effectual compared with placebo and comparable to ( likewise e ffectual as ) criterion antidepressants in handling depressive upsets ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster & A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000, Whiskey et Al, 2001, Linde et Al, 2005, Clement et Al, 2006, Linde et Al, 2008 ) . However, some of the tests included in a few reappraisals ( Linde et al, 1996, Kim et Al, 1999, Gaster & A ; Holroyd, 2000, Williams et Al, 2000 ) were being criticised because they incorporated patients with really few and/or mild symptoms who did non run into the inclusion standards of major depression, were carried out by primary attention doctors who were deficiency of experience in depression research, and/or used low doses of comparator drugs ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . Linde et Al ( 2005 ) conducted an update of antecedently completed reappraisal ( Linde et al, 1996 ) by including several new well-designed placebo-controlled tests where negative findings were found in some of the tests ( Shelton et al, 2001 ) . The consequences obtained aggravated new arguments on the efficaciousness of Hypericum infusions for intervention of depression and the analyses showed that effects of Hypericum infusions over placebo were less pronounced in surveies restricted to patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2005 ) . In order to understate clinical heterogeneousness every bit good as to uncover the fact that about all new high-quality tests of Hypericum infusions are restricted to patients with major depression, another update of reappraisal ( Linde et al, 2008 ) was conducted by including several new well-designed tests restricted to patients with major depression. 29 tests were included in the survey. In nine larger tests and nine smaller tests affecting comparing of hypericum infusion with placebo, the combined response rate ratio ( RR ) obtained was 1.28 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) , 1.10-1.49 ) and 1.87 ( 95 % CI, 1.22-2.87 ) severally. As for comparing with standard antidepressants, RRs were 1.02 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.15 ; 5 tests ) for tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants and 1.00 ( 95 % CI, 0.90-1.11 ; 12 tests ) for selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) . Hence, it can be concluded that Hypericum infusions tested in the included test are more effectual than placebo and are likewise effectual as standard antidepressants in patients with major depression ( Linde et al, 2008 ) .2.3.2 AnxietyThere are SRs on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. kava infusion, valerian and Passiflora for anxiousness ( Pittler & A ; Ernst, 2003, Miyasaka et Al, 2006, Miyasaka et Al, 2007 ) . Merely survey conducted by Pittler & A ; Ernst ( 2003 ) found that kava infusion is more effectual than placebo in diagnostic interven tion of anxiousness despite the size of the consequence is little. Finding of SR carried by Miyasaka et Al ( 2006 ) comparing the effectivity of valerian with placebo and Valium for anxiousness showed that there is no important differences between valerian and placebo and between valerian and Valium in Hamilton Anxiety ( HAM-A ) entire tonss. Besides, a definite decision was unable to be drawn as there was merely a individual little survey with 36 patients available ( Miyasaka et al, 2006 ) . Miyasaka et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR by including 2 surveies to compare the effectivity of Passiflora with benzodiazepines, i.e. mexazolam and oxazolam severally in handling anxiousness. None of the survey was able to separate Passiflora from benzodiazepines in any of the result steps. Two possible grounds for this deficiency of statistical difference identified were the medicines were every bit effectual and deficient figure of surveies were included ( sample size was non big plenty ) ( Miya saka et al, 2007 ) .2.3.3 DementiaStrontium on three herbal medical specialties, i.e. Zhiling decoction, Yizhi capsule and Huperzine A for vascular dementedness found no converting grounds to back up the usage or effectivity of these herbs ( Jirong et al, 2004, Wu et Al, 2007, Hao et Al, 2009 ) . Jirong et Al ( 2004 ) found no suited randomised placebo-controlled tests and concluded that the available grounds was unequal to back up the usage of Zhiling decoction in the direction of vascular dementedness. Wu et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR of Yizhi capsule for vascular dementedness found no survey that met the inclusion standards and no grounds from randomised controlled tests to measure the potency of Yizhi capsule in handling vascular dementedness. SR conducted by Birks & A ; Grimley Evans ( 2009 ) to measure the efficaciousness of Gingko biloba for dementedness included 36 tests but most were little and the continuance was less than 3 months. More recent tests with longer continuance showed inconsistent consequences for knowledge and activities of day-to-day life when comparing Gingko biloba with placebo and 1 of the tests reported big intervention effects in favor of Gingko biloba ( Birks & A ; Grimley Evans, 2009 ) . Another SR conducted by Weinmann et Al ( 2010 ) which included 9 tests with 2372 patients found that Gingko biloba appeared to be more effectual than placebo for dementedness. Datas obtained showed statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering knowledge every bit good as statistical important advantage of Gingko biloba compared with placebo in bettering activities of day-to-day life in subgroup of patients with Alzheimer ‘s disease. Consequences for quality of life and neuropsychiatric marks and symptoms were inconsistent ( Weinmann et al, 2010 ) .2.3.4 SchizophreniaA SR conducted by Rathbone et Al ( 2005 ) to reexamine Chinese herbal medical specialty, either being used entirely or as a portion of Traditional Chinese Medicine ( TCM ) attack for people with schizophrenic disorder found that Chinese herbal medical specialties, given in a Western biomedical context, may be good for people with schizophrenic disorder when combined with major tranquilizers.2.3.5 Insomnia/Sleep upsets2 of the SRs and/or meta-analyses of valerian for insomnia output inconclusive grounds of the benefit of valerian as a slumber assistance ( Stevinson & A ; Ernst, 2000, Bent et Al, 2006, Taibi et Al, 2007 ) . This was because the included surveies of these reappraisals presented great incompatibility across patients, experimental designs, processs and methodological quality ( Stevinson & A ; Ernst, 2000 ) . As for reappraisal conducted by Bent et Al ( 2006 ) , the surveie s included showed great heterogeneousness in footings of doses, readyings and length of intervention. Taibi et Al ( 2007 ) conducted a SR to analyze the grounds of valerian for insomnia and found that overall grounds did non back up the clinical efficaciousness of valerian as a slumber assistance. A meta-analysis including 18 randomised controlled tests was conducted by Fernandez-San-Martin et Al ( 2010 ) and the qualitative dichotomous consequences showed that valerian was effectual for subjective betterment of insomnia. However, the effectivity of valerian was non demonstrated with quantitative measurings ( Fernandez-San-Martin et Al, 2010 ) .2.4 Characteristics and Quality of SRs of herbal medical specialtiesHarmonizing to Linde et Al ( 2003 ) , â€Å" descriptive empirical surveies † on SRs are comparatively uncommon. Linde et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a research to analyze the features and quality of SRs on stylostixis, herbal medical specialties and homeopathy by including 115 SRs with 58 SRs on herbal medical specialties. The features and quality of the included SRs examined are summarised in the tabular arraies below ( Table 2.1 & A ; 2.2 ) . Table 2.1 Characteristics of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Characteristic E.g. ( s ) Bibliographic features Year of publication Question Narrow intercession focal point Condition reviewed Psychiatric Information on inclusion standards Explicit inclusion standards sing patients/condition ; of import inclusion standards, e.g. merely placebo-controlled tests Literature hunt Explicitly in Medline Others Methods ; consequences and decision Table 2.2 Quality of included SRs ( Linde et al, 2003 ) Items reviewed Search methods reported Comprehensive hunt Inclusion standards reported Choice prejudice avoided Cogency standards reported Methods for uniting reported Findingss combined suitably Decisions supported by informations Some restrictions encountered in the survey were discussed, for illustration, restrictions in resources doing half of the reappraisals were extracted and assessed by merely 1 referee and there was great heterogeneousness across some of the included reappraisals. Therefore, it was suggested that the analysis of the informations merely served to give an overall position of the descriptive epidemiology of available SRs on herbal medical specialties and there is still plenty room for betterment in future SRs conducted on herbal medical specialties ( Linde et al, 2003 ) .2.5 Guidance/appraisal tools to measure coverage quality of SRsThe increasing popularity and utility of SRs urged the studies of SRs to be â€Å" clear, accurate and crystalline † ( Moher, 2008 ) . Despite there are some betterment in the coverage of SRs, the quality of coverage is still inconsistent ( Moher et al, 2007 ) . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to follow describing criterion or coverage checklis t ( Wiesler & A ; McGauran, 2010 ) . QUOROM ( QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analyses ) statement, which serves as a criterion to heighten the coverage quality of â€Å" meta-analyses of randomised controlled tests ( RCTs ) † was developed in 1996. QUOROM checklist consists of a sum of 20 headers and subheadings and describes the preferable ways of coverage of meta-analyses in footings of abstract, debut, methods, consequences and treatment ( Moher et al, 1999 ) . Table 2.3 Quality of coverage of meta-analyses Heading Subheading Descriptor* Reported? ( Y/N ) Page figure Title Abstraction There are 6 points, i.e. aims, informations beginnings, reappraisal methods, consequences and decision Introduction Methods There are 6 points, i.e. searching, choice, cogency appraisal, informations abstraction, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis. Consequences There are 3 points, i.e. test flow, survey features and quantitative informations synthesis Discussion *Detailed form please refers to Moher et Al ( 1999 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 1999 QUOROM statement was revised and renamed PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reappraisals and Meta-Analyses ) statement ( Moher et al, 2009 ) . PRISMA checklist consists of 27 points ( see Appendix 5 for elaborate checklist points ) . PRISMA checklist differs from QUOROM checklist in a few facets as shown by the tabular array below ( Table 2.4 ) . Table 2.4 Substantive specific alterations between the QUOROM checklist and the PRISMA checklist ( a tick indicates the presence of the subject in QUOROM or PRISMA ) Section/topic and point QUOROM PRISMA Comment* Abstraction Introduction: Aim Methods: Protocol Search Appraisal of hazard of prejudice in included surveies Appraisal of hazard of prejudice across surveies Discussion Funding *Detailed remark please refers to Moher et Al ( 2009 ) . Beginning: Moher et Al, 2009

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